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Ôn tập tiếng Anh 12: Từ vựng, ngữ pháp và đọc hiểu
This course is designed for high‑school students preparing for the English exam. It covers three core areas:
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Khi một hành động đang diễn ra thì một sự việc khác xen vào trong quá khứ, cách kết hợp thì nào thường phù hợp?
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Trong câu “Pho is a must-try dish”, vì sao danh từ đếm được số ít “dish” cần có mạo từ “a”?
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Một người lần đầu gặp khó khăn khi thích nghi với phong tục và lối sống ở một nền văn hóa xa lạ có thể đang trải qua điều gì?
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Trong đoạn đọc về đa văn hóa, sự đa dạng văn hóa có thể giúp cộng đồng phát triển những điều gì?
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Theo đoạn đọc về rác thải nhựa, vì sao ô nhiễm nhựa có thể gây nguy hiểm cho con người?
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Túi vải, bình nước có thể dùng nhiều lần và hộp thủy tinh thuộc nhóm sản phẩm nào giúp giảm rác thải dùng một lần?
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Nếu một người dành thời gian và công sức để dạy tiếng Anh miễn phí cho trẻ em nghèo, từ nào diễn tả đúng việc họ cống hiến cho hoạt động đó?
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Trong câu “a sustainable future”, từ “sustainable” mô tả một tương lai như thế nào?
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Theo đoạn đọc, điều gì cần thiết để cùng giải quyết vấn đề rác thải nhựa?
Review of English for Grade 12: Vocabulary, Grammar, and Reading Comprehension
Course Overview
This course is designed for high‑school students preparing for the English exam. It covers three core areas:
- Vocabulary – understanding word meanings in context.
- Grammar – choosing the correct tense and article usage.
- Reading comprehension – interpreting passages about culture, environment, and social issues.
Each section includes clear explanations, examples, and practice questions drawn from the quiz you provided. The content is SEO‑optimized with relevant keywords such as "English vocabulary for grade 12", "grammar tenses", and "reading comprehension strategies".
Section 1: Vocabulary – Understanding “Decompose”
In the sentence “Plastic bags decompose very slowly.”, the verb decompose means to break down into simpler substances. This is a key environmental term often tested in English language exams.
- Definition: To undergo natural chemical or biological processes that turn a complex material into simpler components.
- Synonyms: decay, rot, break down, disintegrate.
- Antonyms: preserve, conserve, recycle (in the sense of re‑using material).
Why the other options are incorrect:
- "Thải ra" (to discharge) refers to releasing something, not breaking it down.
- "Tái chế" (to recycle) and "tái sử dụng" (to reuse) describe actions we can take with plastic, but they do not describe the natural process of decomposition.
Practice sentence: "Organic waste will decompose in a compost bin within a few weeks."
Section 2: Grammar – Mixing Tenses in Past Narratives
When an ongoing action in the past is interrupted by another past event, the most natural combination is:
- Past continuous for the background action.
- Simple past for the interrupting event.
Example:
"I was walking home when the storm started."
This structure clearly shows that the walking was in progress, and the storm began suddenly.
Common mistakes:
- Using simple past for both actions ("I walked home when the storm started") makes the timeline ambiguous.
- Using present perfect or present continuous in a past narrative creates a tense mismatch.
Practice exercise: Choose the correct tense.
- "She was studying for the exam when her friend called."
Section 3: Grammar – Articles with Countable Nouns
In the sentence “Pho is a must‑try dish.”, the noun dish is singular and countable, so it requires an indefinite article "a" because the speaker refers to any one dish of that type, not a specific, previously mentioned dish.
- Rule: Use a/an before singular countable nouns when mentioning them for the first time or when the exact identity is not important.
- Contrast: Use the when the noun is specific or already known to the listener.
Incorrect alternatives explained:
- "Pho always needs an article" – articles depend on the noun, not the preceding word.
- "Singular nouns always use ‘the’" – false; indefinite articles are common.
- "‘Must‑try’ makes the noun uncountable" – the adjective does not change countability.
Practice: "The sushi was delicious, but the roll I ordered was too spicy." – note the use of the because the roll has been identified.
Section 4: Cultural Adaptation – Culture Shock
When a person first encounters a foreign culture and struggles to adapt, they may experience culture shock. This psychological reaction includes feelings of confusion, anxiety, and disorientation.
- Symptoms: homesickness, frustration with language barriers, misunderstanding social norms.
- Coping strategies: learning the local language, seeking support groups, maintaining connections with one’s own culture.
Other options such as "language barrier" or "loss of identity" are related issues but do not capture the specific transitional phase described by the term "culture shock".
Section 5: Reading Comprehension – Benefits of Multiculturalism
Passages about multicultural societies often highlight three major advantages:
- Creativity and innovation – diverse perspectives inspire new ideas.
- Broader understanding – exposure to different viewpoints expands knowledge.
- Social cohesion – when managed well, diversity can strengthen community bonds.
The correct answer from the quiz emphasizes "creativity, innovation, and broader understanding of viewpoints". This aligns with research showing that multicultural environments foster problem‑solving skills and empathy.
Incorrect choices such as "eliminating all disagreements" or "uniformity" misrepresent the realistic outcomes of cultural diversity.
Section 6: Environmental Reading – Plastic Pollution and Human Health
Plastic waste enters marine ecosystems, and tiny particles can accumulate in seafood. When humans consume contaminated fish or shellfish, they risk health problems such as hormonal disruption and toxic exposure.
- Key point: The danger is not immediate disappearance of marine life, but the long‑term ingestion of micro‑plastics.
- Relevant vocabulary: micro‑plastics, bioaccumulation, toxicants.
Other answer options (e.g., "reusable bags poison the sea") are inaccurate and distract from the core environmental message.
Section 7: Sustainable Products – Reusable vs. Single‑Use
Items such as cloth bags, refillable water bottles, and glass containers belong to the category of reusable products. They help reduce the volume of single‑use waste that ends up in landfills or oceans.
- Benefits: Lower resource extraction, reduced carbon footprint, longer product lifespan.
- Comparison: Single‑use items (plastic cutlery, disposable cups) are designed for one‑time use and then discarded.
Choosing reusable alternatives is a practical way for students to contribute to environmental stewardship.
Section 8: Vocabulary – Describing Voluntary Service
When someone spends time teaching English for free, the most appropriate verb is "to contribute" or the noun "contribution". It conveys the idea of giving effort without expecting payment.
- Synonyms: donate, volunteer, give.
- Incorrect options: "diagnose" (medical term), "admire" (emotion), "attend" (participate in an event).
Example sentence: "Her contribution to the community tutoring program has helped dozens of children improve their English skills."
Putting It All Together – Sample Integrated Exercise
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. This exercise combines vocabulary, grammar, and reading‑comprehension skills.
"During my semester abroad, I was learning about local customs when a sudden rainstorm started. The experience was a classic case of culture shock, but I soon realized that embracing the diversity around me sparked new ideas for my environmental project. I discovered that using reusable containers could significantly cut down on single‑use plastic waste, protecting marine life and the health of people who rely on seafood."
- Identify the verb that means "to break down" and explain its relevance to the passage. (Answer: decompose – it describes how plastic waste breaks down very slowly, posing environmental risks.)
- Which tense combination correctly describes the background action and the interrupting event? (Answer: past continuous for the background – "was learning" – and simple past for the interrupting event – "started".)
- Why does the phrase "a must‑try dish" use the indefinite article "a"? (Answer: because "dish" is a singular countable noun referring to any one dish, not a specific one.)
- What term describes the feeling of being overwhelmed by a new culture? (Answer: culture shock.)
- List two benefits of multicultural societies mentioned in the passage. (Answer: creativity/innovation and broader understanding of viewpoints.)
- How can plastic pollution affect human health according to the text? (Answer: by contaminating seafood, leading to health risks when consumed.)
- Classify cloth bags and glass jars according to their waste‑reduction role. (Answer: reusable products.)
- Which word best describes the volunteer’s effort in teaching English? (Answer: contribution.)
Review your answers and compare them with the explanations provided in each section of this course.
Key Takeaways
- Understand the precise meaning of environmental vocabulary such as decompose.
- Master the use of past continuous vs. simple past when narrating past events.
- Apply article rules correctly with singular countable nouns.
- Recognize cultural adaptation terms like "culture shock" and their implications.
- Appreciate the advantages of multiculturalism for creativity and knowledge.
- Identify the health risks linked to plastic pollution in marine food chains.
- Choose reusable products to reduce single‑use waste.
- Use appropriate vocabulary (e.g., "contribution") to describe voluntary service.
Further Study Resources
To deepen your mastery, explore the following resources:
- British Council – English Grammar Guides
- UN Environment – Plastic Pollution Quiz
- TED Talks on Culture Shock
- National Geographic – The Impact of Plastic on Human Health
By integrating vocabulary, grammar, and reading strategies, you will be well‑prepared for the English exam and equipped with practical knowledge for real‑world contexts.
