Which three parts correctly correspond to (1) hosts, (2) access technologies, and (3) routing devices in the Internet architecture?
2
A local ISP that serves a single municipality and connects its customers to larger providers is classified as:
3
If a router’s buffer is full when a new packet arrives, what is the router’s immediate action?
4
Which delay component depends on the packet length and link transmission rate but not on the physical distance between routers?
5
In the OSI model, which layer is responsible for translating data formats, such as compression and encryption?
6
During encapsulation, which protocol data unit (PDU) is created when the transport layer adds its header to the application message?
7
Which of the following statements about UDP is FALSE?
8
A user runs a traceroute to a remote host and observes that the RTT to router 5 varies between 16 ms and 20 ms across three probes. Which type of delay is most responsible for this variation?
9
In a multi‑homed ISP scenario, why might two neighboring ISPs at the same hierarchical level choose to peer directly without monetary exchange?
10
Which historical event directly led to the creation of the TCP protocol’s reliability mechanisms?
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