How did Louis XIV use intendants to reinforce his absolutist rule?
2
Which policy best characterizes Colbert's mercantilist approach in France?
3
What was the main constitutional change introduced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689?
4
Why did the Glorious Revolution of 1688 lead to a Protestant succession in England?
5
In the scientific revolution, which philosopher introduced methodological doubt before establishing a new foundation for knowledge?
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Explanation
<p>The correct answer is <strong>René Descartes, with his cogito ergo sum principle</strong> because he famously began by doubting everything to find something absolutely certain, arriving at “I think, therefore I am” as the new foundation for knowledge; this method of systematic doubt set the stage for modern philosophy. The other thinkers each contributed important ideas—Newton with gravity, Bacon with induction, and Galileo with observation—but none used methodological doubt as their starting point. Imagine clearing a foggy window by wiping away every speck until only one clear spot remains—that clear spot is Descartes’ “I think, therefore I am.”</p>
<em>Which philosopher’s approach do you find most memorable: Descartes’ doubt, Newton’s laws, Bacon’s experiments, or Galileo’s telescope?</em>
6
Which of the following best explains the economic rationale behind Adam Smith's 'invisible hand' concept?
7
How did Montesquieu's 'trias politica' aim to prevent despotism?
8
What was a primary cause of the French 'Grande Peur' in the countryside during 1789?
9
Which statement correctly contrasts the political ideas of John Locke and Jean‑Jacques Rousseau?
10
Why did the Dutch Republic initially oppose, then later participate in, the trans‑Atlantic slave trade?
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